The surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, brought the
hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the
Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting major operations and
an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. While publicly stating their
intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders, (the Supreme
Council for the Direction of the War, also known as the "Big Six"), were
privately making entreaties to the neutral Soviet Union to mediate
peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Soviets
were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea in
fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and
the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences.
On August
6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city
of Hiroshima. Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with
the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality
Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight
on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet
state of Manchukuo. Later that same day, the United States dropped a
second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. The
combined shock of these events caused Emperor Hirohito to intervene and
order the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the
terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the
war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a
failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address
across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the
Gyokuon-hōsō ("Jewel Voice Broadcast"), he announced the surrender of
Japan to the Allies.
On August 28, the occupation of Japan by the
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony
was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS
Missouri (BB-63), at which officials from the Japanese government signed
the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, thereby ending the hostilities.
Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day, the
end of the war; however, some isolated soldiers and personnel from
Imperial Japan's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific
islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some even
refusing into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan's
surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is still debated. The
state of war between Japan and the Allies formally ended when the Treaty
of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952. Four more years
passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese
Joint Declaration of 1956, which formally brought an end to their state
of war.
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